Abstract

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has emerged as a critical strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, minimizing dependence on fossil fuels, and promoting sustainable transportation systems. However, developing nations face substantial barriers in accelerating EV adoption due to inadequate charging infrastructure, unreliable power grids, high battery costs, limited policy support, and lack of consumer awareness. This research paper examines the major infrastructure challenges hindering EV adoption in developing economies and evaluates smart charging solutions that can support sustainable mobility transitions. The study analyzes the role of smart grids, renewable energy integration, AI-based charging management, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, battery swapping technologies, and public-private partnerships in overcoming infrastructure limitations. Using secondary data from international energy reports, government publications, and industry case studies, the paper highlights the current status of EV ecosystems in countries such as India, Brazil, South Africa, and Indonesia. The research further proposes a strategic framework for policymakers and stakeholders to accelerate EV deployment through intelligent charging infrastructure and digital energy management systems. The findings suggest that integrated smart charging networks combined with supportive policies and renewable energy adoption can significantly enhance EV penetration in developing nations while ensuring energy efficiency and environmental sustainability.